Ion exchangeable glass with high damage resistance

ABSTRACT

An ion exchangeable glass having a high degree of resistance to damage caused by abrasion, scratching, indentation, and the like. The glass comprises alumina, B 2 O 3 , and alkali metal oxides, and contains boron cations having three-fold coordination. The glass, when ion exchanged, has a Vickers crack initiation threshold of at least about 30 kilogram force.

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/653,485 filed on May 31, 2012the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to glasses that are capable of chemicalstrengthening by ion exchange and have intrinsic damage resistance. Moreparticularly, the disclosure relates to such glasses that arestrengthened by ion exchange and possess resistance to damage byabrasion, scratching, indentation, and other forms of sharp contact.

The ion exchange process provides a substantial improvement of glassesthat are capable of being strengthened by this process to resist damageby sharp impact or indentation. To date, glasses containing networkmodifiers such as alkali and alkaline earth cations have been used.These cations form non-bridging oxygens (oxygens bonded to only onesilicon atom), which reduce the resistance of the ion exchanged glass todamage introduced by abrasion, scratching, or the like.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides an ion exchangeable glass having a highdegree of resistance to damage caused by abrasion, scratching,indentation, and the like. The glass comprises alumina, B₂O₃, and alkalimetal oxides, and contains boron cations having three-fold coordination.The glass, when ion exchanged, has a Vickers crack initiation thresholdof at least about 30 kilogram force (kgf).

Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosure is to provide an ionexchangeable glass comprising at least about 50 mol % SiO₂; at leastabout 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprises Na₂O; Al₂O₃, wherein −0.5 mol%≦Al₂O₃ (mol %)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B₂O₃, and wherein B₂O₃ (mol%)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %))≧4.5 mol %.

A second aspect of the disclosure is to provide a glass comprising atleast about 50 mol % SiO₂; at least about 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂Ocomprises Na₂O; Al₂O₃; and B₂O₃, wherein B₂O₃ (mol %)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃(mol %))≧4.5 mol %, and wherein the glass has a zircon breakdowntemperature that is equal to the temperature at which the glass has aviscosity of greater than about 40 kPoise.

A third aspect of the disclosure is to provide an ion exchanged glasshaving a Vickers crack initiation threshold of at least about 30 kgf.The glass comprises at least about 50 mol % SiO₂; at least about 10 mol% R₂O, wherein R₂O comprises Na₂O; Al₂O₃, wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al₂O₃ (mol%)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and B₂O₃, wherein B₂O₃ (mol %)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃(mol %))≧4.5 mol %.

These and other aspects, advantages, and salient features will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, the accompanyingdrawings, and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, like reference characters designate likeor corresponding parts throughout the several views shown in thefigures. It is also understood that, unless otherwise specified, termssuch as “top,” “bottom,” “outward,” “inward,” and the like are words ofconvenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. In addition,whenever a group is described as comprising at least one of a group ofelements and combinations thereof, it is understood that the group maycomprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any number of thoseelements recited, either individually or in combination with each other.Similarly, whenever a group is described as consisting of at least oneof a group of elements or combinations thereof, it is understood thatthe group may consist of any number of those elements recited, eitherindividually or in combination with each other. Unless otherwisespecified, a range of values, when recited, includes both the upper andlower limits of the range as well as any ranges therebetween. As usedherein, the indefinite articles “a,” “an,” and the correspondingdefinite article “the” mean “at least one” or “one or more,” unlessotherwise specified. It also is understood that the various featuresdisclosed in the specification and the drawings can be used in any andall combinations.

As used herein, the terms “glass” and “glasses” includes both glassesand glass ceramics. The terms “glass article” and “glass articles” areused in their broadest sense to include any object made wholly or partlyof glass and/or glass ceramic.

It is noted that the terms “substantially” and “about” may be utilizedherein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may beattributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or otherrepresentation. These terms are also utilized herein to represent thedegree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a statedreference without resulting in a change in the basic function of thesubject matter at issue.

Unless otherwise specified, all compositions and concentrationsdescribed herein are expressed in mole percent (mol %). It is understoodthat the compositional ranges described and claimed herein represent thebulk composition of the glass as determined by those means skilled inthe art, and are applicable to both the unstrengthened and strengthenedglasses described herein.

Referring to the drawings in general and to FIG. 1 in particular, itwill be understood that the illustrations are for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments and are not intended to limit thedisclosure or appended claims thereto. The drawings are not necessarilyto scale, and certain features and certain views of the drawings may beshown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarityand conciseness.

Accordingly, a glass having intrinsic damage resistance is provided. Inone aspect, the glass, which may be strengthened so as to be resistantto damage via sharp impact, comprises at least about 50 mol % SiO₂; atleast about 10 mol % of at least one alkali metal oxide R₂O, wherein R₂Oincludes Na₂O and, optionally, other alkali metal oxides (e.g., Li₂O,K₂O, Ce₂O, Rb₂O); alumina (Al₂O₃), wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al₂O₃ (mol%)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and boron oxide (B₂O₃), wherein B₂O₃ (mol%)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %))≧4.5 mol %.

In another aspect, the glass comprises at least about 50 mol % SiO₂;Al₂O₃; B₂O₃; and at least about 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprisesNa₂O; wherein B₂O₃—(R₂O−Al₂O₃)≧4.5 mol %, and wherein the glass has azircon breakdown temperature (i.e., the temperature at which zirconbreaks down to form zirconia and silica) equal to the temperature atwhich the viscosity of the glass is greater than about 40 kPoise.

In some aspects, the glasses described herein are ion exchangeable;i.e., cations—typically monovalent alkali metal cations—which arepresent in these glasses are replaced with larger cations—typicallymonovalent alkali metal cations, although other cations such as Ag⁺ orTl⁺—having the same valence or oxidation state. The replacement ofsmaller cations with larger cations creates a surface layer that isunder compression, or compressive stress CS. This layer extends from thesurface into the interior or bulk of the glass to a depth of layer DOL.The compressive stress in the surface layers of the glass are balancedby a tensile stress, or central tension CT, in the interior or innerregion of the glass. Compressive stress and depth of layer are measuredusing those means known in the art. Such means include, but are notlimited to measurement of surface stress (FSM) using commerciallyavailable instruments such as the FSM-6000, manufactured by Luceo Co.,Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), or the like, and methods of measuring compressivestress and depth of layer are described in ASTM 1422C-99, entitled“Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass,” andASTM 1279.19779 “Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive PhotoelasticMeasurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened,and Fully-Tempered Flat Glass,” the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. Surface stress measurements relyupon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC),which is related to the stress-induced birefringence of the glass. SOCin turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such asfiber and four point bend method, both of which are described in ASTMstandard C770-98 (2008), entitled “Standard Test Method for Measurementof Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient,” the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylindermethod.

In other aspects, the glasses described herein are ion exchanged andhave surfaces layers under compression to a depth of layer and an innerregion that is under a tensile stress, as described hereinabove. In oneaspect, the ion exchanged glass comprises at least about 50 mol % SiO₂;Al₂O₃; B₂O₃; and at least about 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprisesNa₂O; and wherein −0.5 mol %≦Al₂O₃ (mol %)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol % and B₂O₃(mol %)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %))≧4.5 mol %. The ion exchanged glasshas a Vickers crack initiation threshold of at least about 30 kilogramforce (kgf).

When present in boroaluminosilicate glasses, alkali metals act ascharge-balancing cations for tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum andboron. Species similar to RAlO₂ or RBO₂, where R is an alkali metal andaluminum are Al^(3′) and B³⁺, for example, are four-fold coordinated byoxygen. The four oxygen atoms surrounding aluminum or boron are presumedto bond to silicon atoms. Each oxygen therefore obtains one electronfrom the silicon atoms and, in effect, ¾ of an electron, from thetetrahedrally coordinated Al³⁺ or B³⁺. An alkali metal donates anelectron to this configuration, thus allowing all four oxygens in thetetrahedron to obtain a full electron shell. The large alkaline earthelements Ca, Sr, and Ba are known to fill this role for aluminum. Thus,in a boroaluminosilicate glass in which R₂O(mol %)+CaO(mol %)+SrO(mol%)+BaO(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %)−B₂O₃ (mol %)=0 mol % or, alternatively,(Al₂O₃ (mol %)+B₂O₃ (mol %))/(R₂O(mol %)+CaO(mol %)+SrO(mol %)+BaO(mol%))=1, there are exactly as many electrons to be donated from alkalisand alkaline earths as there are tetrahedrally coordinated aluminum andboron atoms in need of charge balance. When R₂O(mol %)+CaO(mol%)+SrO(mol %)+BaO(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %)−B₂O₃ (mol %)<0 (mol %), there aremore aluminum and boron atoms in need of charge balance than electronsavailable from charge-balancing alkali or alkaline earth cations. Suchglasses generally have high intrinsic damage resistance, which isconsiderably enhanced after ion exchange.

Aluminum is nearly always four-fold coordinated by oxygen if there areenough charge-balancing cations available, large. Low-valence cationsperform better in a charge-balancing role than small, higher valencecations. This has been attributed to the extent to which thecharge-balancing cation competes with aluminum for electron density.Large, low-valence cations are ineffective in this competition and thusleave electron density largely within the AlO₄ tetrahedron. Boron ismostly four-fold coordinated in annealed alkali borosilicate glasses inwhich the amount of alkali metals present in the glass is greater thanthat of boron. In annealed boroaluminosilicate glasses, however, boronassumes a mix of three and four-fold coordination, even incharge-balanced compositions. In glasses along the mixing line between12.5Na₂O-12.5Al₂O₃-75SiO₂ and 12.5Na₂O-12.5B₂O₃-75SiO₂, for example,boron adopts a mix of three- and four-fold coordination. To a reasonableapproximation, then, charge-balancing cations first stabilize aluminumin four-fold coordination, and the remaining cations will stabilize somefraction of boron in four-fold coordination, where the fraction may beas high as 1. The glasses described herein comprise greater than about4.5 mol % B₂O₃ in which the boron cations are three-fold coordinated.

When R₂O(mol %)+MO(mol %)<Al₂O₃ (mol %), where MO represent divalentmetal oxides (e.g., MgO, ZnO, CaO, BaO, SrO, etc.), there are not enoughmonovalent or divalent cations to stabilize aluminum in four-foldcoordination, and boron is therefore almost entirely in three-foldcoordination in these glasses. Three-fold coordinated boron is desirablebecause it can potentially increase to four-fold coordination whencompressed, thus providing damage resistance to the glass. Glasses withcompositions in which M₂O(mol %)+RO(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %)<0 mol %,however, generally have very high melting temperatures unless they alsohave very high B₂O₃ contents, e.g., greater than about 10 mol %. Suchhigh amounts of B₂O₃ have a deleterious effect on both the surfacecompressive stress and rate of ion exchange, as evidenced by low depthsof layer obtained in an ion exchange of fixed duration/time period.Since high CS (e.g., greater than about 650 MPa) and significant depthof layer (DOL) (e.g., greater than 30 μm) are also required to obtaingood damage resistance, the additional benefits of high intrinsic damageresistance may be offset by poor ion exchange characteristics. In orderto achieve the optimal balance of attributes after ion exchange, it istherefore desirable to keep boron concentrations low. Accordingly, insome embodiments, the glasses described herein comprise less than 10 mol% B₂O₃. Such glasses are very difficult to melt to a level of quality(e.g., defect concentration) acceptable for mass manufacturing.Depending on the application for the glass article, a marginallyacceptable defect level in a continuous process is about one inclusiongreater than 100 μm in diameter per kilogram (kg) of glass.

In some embodiments, the glasses described herein comprise at leastabout 50 mol % SiO₂, from about 9 mol % to about 22 mol % Al₂O₃; fromabout 4.5 mol % to about 10 mol % B₂O₃; from about 10 mol % to about 20mol % Na₂O; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % K₂O; at least about 0.1 mol %MgO and/or ZnO, wherein 0≦MgO+ZnO≦6; and, optionally, at least one ofCaO, BaO, and SrO, wherein 0 mol %≦CaO+SrO+BaO≦2 mol %. In someembodiments, the glasses described herein comprise from about 66 to 74mol % SiO₂.

In some embodiments, the glasses described herein comprise at leastabout 0.1 mol % of at least one of MgO and ZnO. In certain embodiments,the glass may comprise up to about 6 mol % MgO and/or ZnO. Magnesium andzinc behave differently from the other divalent cations. While magnesiumand zinc may charge-balance aluminum to some extent, they appear to havelittle or no role in stabilizing boron in four-fold coordination. Thus,replacing an alkali oxide with magnesium oxide in a boroaluminosilicateglass forces boron atoms out of four-fold coordination and intothree-fold coordination, resulting in higher Vickers crack initiationthreshold loads in ion-exchanged glass.

In addition to the oxides listed above, the glasses described herein mayfurther comprise chemical fining agents including, but not limited to,halogens or halides (compounds containing F, Cl, Br and I) and at leastone of the oxides As₂O₃, Sb₂O₃, CeO₂ and SnO₂. These fining agents, whenpresent, are generally batched in to the raw material at a level ofabout 0.5 mol % or less, and have minor impact on both the rate of ionexchange and the compressive stress that are ultimately obtained.

In addition, other oxides may be added at low concentrations with littleor no impact on the ion exchange characteristics of these glasses.Examples of such oxides include ZrO₂, which is a common contaminantintroduced by zirconia refractories in melters; TiO₂, which is a commontramp component of natural silica sources; Fe₂O₃, which is an ubiquitoustramp oxide in all but the purest chemical reagents; and othertransition metal oxides that may be used to introduce color. Thesetransition metal oxides include V₂O₅, Cr₂O₃, Co₃O₄, Fe₂O₃, MnO₂, NiO,CuO, Cu₂O, and the like. Concentrations of these oxides, when present inthe glass, are kept at levels of less than or equal to about 2 mol %.Compared to calcium, larger alkaline earths such as Sr and Ba lead tolower diffusivity and thus significantly lower depth of the compressivelayer. Because Sr and Ba are costly reagents compared to most of theother oxides in the glasses described herein the concentrations of thesematerials, when present in the glass, are kept at levels of no more thanabout 0.5 mol %. Rubidium and cesium oxides are too large to ionexchange at an appreciable rate, are costly, and contribute to highliquidus temperatures at elevated concentrations. The concentrations ofthese oxides are therefore kept below 0.5 mol %. Lithium oxide is to begenerally avoided, as it contributes to “poisoning” of potassium nitratesalt ion exchange baths, resulting in lower compressive stress than ifthe same glass were ion exchanged in a lithium-free salt bath. Inaddition, compared to a sodium-for-potassium exchange, the presence oflithium leads to significantly reduced diffusivity when exchanging forpotassium. When present in the glass, the lithium oxide concentrationshould therefore be kept below about 0.5 mol %, and, in someembodiments, below about 0.1 mol %. In some embodiments, the glassesdescribed herein are substantially free of lithium.

Non-limiting examples of the glasses described herein are listed inTable 1. Table 2 lists selected properties, including strain, anneal,and softening temperatures, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE),density, Poisson ratio, shear moduli, Young's moduli, stress opticalcoefficients (SOC), and refractive indices, of the samples listed inTable 1

As used herein, the term “zircon breakdown temperature” or“T^(breakdown)” refers to the temperature at which zircon—which iscommonly used as a refractory material in glass processing andmanufacture—breaks down to form zirconia and silica. In isoviscousprocesses such as fusion, the highest temperature experienced by theglass corresponds to a particular viscosity of the glass. For example,“T^(35kP)” refers to the temperature at which the glass has a viscosityof 35 kilopoise (kPoise). The difference between the breakdowntemperature and the temperature corresponding to 35,000 poise viscosityis defined as the breakdown margin T^(margin), where:T^(margin)=T^(breakdown)−T^(35kp). When the breakdown margin T^(margin)is negative, zircon will breakdown to form zirconia defects at somelocation on the isopipe. When T^(margin) is zero, it is still possiblethat temperature excursions could cause zircon breakdown to occur. It istherefore desirable not only to make the breakdown margin positive, butto maximize T^(margin) as much as possible while being consistent withall the other attributes that must be maintained in the final glassproduct. In some embodiments, the glasses described herein have a zirconbreakdown temperature that is greater than 40 kPoise and, in someembodiments, about 70 kPoise.

In those embodiments in which the glass is strengthened by ion exchange,the glass may, in some embodiments, be ion exchanged to create a surfacelayer that is under a compressive stress of at least about 600megapascals (MPa) and, in other embodiments, at least about 800 MPa. Thecompressive surface layer has a depth of layer of at least about 30microns (μm). The ion exchanged glasses described herein also possess adegree of intrinsic damage resistance (IDR), which may be characterizedby the Vickers crack initiation threshold of the ion exchanged glass. Insome embodiments, the ion exchanged glass has a Vickers crack initiationthreshold in a range from about 30 kgf to about 35 kgf. The Vickerscrack initiation threshold measurements described herein are performedby applying and then removing an indentation load to the glass surfaceat a rate of 0.2 mm/min. The maximum indentation load is held for 10seconds. The crack initiation threshold is defined at the indentationload at which 50% of 10 indents exhibit any number of radial/mediancracks emanating from the corners of the indent impression. The maximumload is increased until the threshold is met for a given glasscomposition. All indentation measurements are performed at roomtemperature in 50% relative humidity.

When ion exchanged, the glasses described herein have a compressivestress that is sufficiently high to provide outstanding damageresistance against impact of various kinds. The glasses described hereinmay be ion exchanged at a rate that facilitates large scalemanufacturing. While it is advantageous to provide high compressivestress by annealing the glass prior to ion exchange, a high compressivestress may also be obtained by instead cooling the glass rapidly from ahigh temperature (e.g., above the strain point of the glass). Such rapidcooling may occur, for example, in down drawn processes such as fusionor slot draw processes. The combination of compressive stress, depth oflayer, and intrinsic damage resistance of the ion exchanged glassesdescribed herein provides excellent resistance to visible orstrength-limiting damage introduced via sharp contact and scratching.

Table 3 lists compressive stresses, depths of layer (DOL), andindentation thresholds for samples listed in Table 1 that were ionexchanged.

TABLE 1 Composition (mol %) Example SiO₂ Al₂O₃ B₂O₃ Na₂O K₂O MgO CaO ZnOSnO₂ 1 64.85 13.01 6.81 13.09 0.51 1.53 0.08 0.00 0.10 2 64.92 12.886.57 12.90 0.51 2.04 0.08 0.00 0.10 3 64.93 12.70 6.47 12.69 0.51 2.520.08 0.00 0.10 4 64.94 12.50 6.30 12.51 0.51 3.04 0.09 0.00 0.10 5 65.1013.01 6.39 12.28 0.51 2.52 0.08 0.00 0.10 6 65.16 13.47 6.39 11.73 0.512.55 0.08 0.00 0.10 7 65.08 13.22 6.31 13.19 0.51 1.50 0.08 0.00 0.10 865.13 13.10 6.07 12.97 0.51 2.03 0.08 0.00 0.10 9 65.08 12.96 5.78 13.000.51 2.49 0.09 0.00 0.10 10 65.24 12.91 5.47 12.67 0.51 3.01 0.09 0.000.10 11 64.78 12.87 5.55 13.11 0.51 2.08 1.00 0.00 0.10 12 51.33 20.217.03 19.17 0.97 1.03 0.13 0.00 0.10 13 65.10 13.15 5.95 14.60 0.50 0.500.07 0.00 0.10 14 64.71 13.14 5.98 14.47 0.50 0.99 0.07 0.00 0.10 1564.05 13.18 5.97 14.60 0.50 1.51 0.08 0.00 0.10 16 63.65 13.16 5.9714.51 0.49 2.00 0.08 0.00 0.10 17 63.17 13.16 5.96 14.50 0.49 2.50 0.080.00 0.10 18 57.52 17.04 5.58 18.17 0.49 0.99 0.08 0.00 0.10 19 57.5317.00 5.58 18.16 0.49 1.02 0.08 0.00 0.10 20 63.39 14.04 7.02 13.84 0.501.03 0.07 0.00 0.10 21 64.38 13.01 7.06 13.83 0.50 1.03 0.07 0.00 0.1022 64.48 14.03 5.97 13.81 0.50 1.03 0.07 0.00 0.10 23 64.57 14.03 7.0012.71 0.49 1.01 0.07 0.00 0.10 24 64.47 14.01 7.01 13.78 0.00 0.53 0.070.00 0.10 25 64.37 12.00 7.12 13.80 0.49 2.04 0.07 0.00 0.10 26 63.3914.00 6.91 14.08 0.51 0.01 0.06 0.92 0.10 27 64.22 12.98 7.03 14.16 0.520.01 0.06 0.90 0.10 28 64.34 14.00 5.99 14.06 0.51 0.01 0.06 0.91 0.1029 64.27 13.94 7.04 13.12 0.52 0.01 0.06 0.92 0.10 30 64.37 13.96 7.0213.97 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.48 0.10 31 64.28 11.99 7.04 14.21 0.50 0.01 0.061.79 0.10 32 67.18 12.78 5.65 13.70 0.00 0.54 0.02 0.00 0.10 33 65.5213.59 5.62 14.25 0.10 0.77 0.04 0.00 0.10 34 65.61 13.58 5.59 14.21 0.100.76 0.04 0.00 0.10 35 65.74 13.57 5.63 14.05 0.10 0.77 0.04 0.00 0.1036 65.71 13.57 5.74 13.97 0.10 0.76 0.04 0.00 0.10 37 65.86 13.56 5.2514.32 0.10 0.76 0.04 0.00 0.10 38 65.83 13.59 5.12 14.45 0.10 0.77 0.050.00 0.10 39 64.53 13.99 6.60 13.71 0.50 0.49 0.06 0.00 0.10 40 64.3214.00 6.15 13.82 0.51 1.01 0.06 0.00 0.10 41 64.76 13.97 5.57 13.56 0.501.45 0.06 0.00 0.10 42 64.53 13.98 5.06 13.74 0.51 2.00 0.06 0.00 0.1043 64.33 14.01 4.58 13.82 0.51 2.57 0.06 0.00 0.10 44 64.34 14.72 6.1813.43 0.20 1.01 0.02 0.00 0.07 45 64.21 14.68 5.73 13.51 0.20 1.54 0.030.00 0.07 46 64.11 14.71 5.22 13.55 0.20 2.10 0.03 0.00 0.07 47 63.9814.65 4.65 13.71 0.21 2.68 0.03 0.00 0.07 48 64.09 14.61 4.15 13.61 0.213.20 0.03 0.00 0.07 49 66.46 14.20 5.13 11.89 0.20 2.01 0.03 0.00 0.0750 66.40 13.96 5.13 12.16 0.20 2.03 0.03 0.00 0.07 51 66.44 13.69 5.1512.37 0.20 2.03 0.02 0.00 0.07 52 66.44 13.46 5.15 12.63 0.20 2.01 0.030.00 0.07 53 66.42 13.04 5.11 13.10 0.20 2.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 54 66.4513.10 5.11 13.00 0.20 2.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 55 64.53 13.91 6.61 13.72 0.101.02 0.02 0.00 0.07 56 64.48 13.96 6.04 13.21 0.10 2.10 0.03 0.00 0.0757 64.29 13.91 5.64 12.79 0.10 3.15 0.03 0.00 0.07 58 64.11 13.87 5.1012.42 0.10 4.27 0.04 0.00 0.07 59 64.41 13.86 4.57 11.77 0.10 5.14 0.050.00 0.07 60 65.76 13.87 5.15 13.91 0.11 1.08 0.03 0.00 0.07 61 65.7113.90 5.15 13.42 0.11 1.60 0.04 0.00 0.07 62 65.74 13.87 5.08 12.94 0.112.13 0.04 0.00 0.07 63 65.87 13.89 5.09 12.32 0.11 2.60 0.04 0.00 0.0764 65.93 13.93 5.05 11.77 0.11 3.08 0.05 0.00 0.07 65 64.31 14.72 4.0613.45 0.20 3.13 0.04 0.00 0.07 66 64.44 14.73 3.51 13.39 0.20 3.61 0.040.00 0.07 67 64.36 14.76 3.05 13.39 0.20 4.12 0.04 0.00 0.07 68 67.7813.46 3.46 12.28 0.10 2.79 0.04 0.00 0.07 69 67.63 13.22 3.45 12.61 0.102.87 0.04 0.00 0.07 70 67.77 13.01 3.49 12.74 0.10 2.76 0.04 0.00 0.0771 57.32 19.10 4.37 17.73 0.25 1.06 0.05 0.00 0.10 72 57.42 18.59 5.3517.17 0.26 1.06 0.05 0.00 0.10 73 67.20 12.08 2.54 14.18 0.00 3.80 0.050.00 0.10 74 66.34 12.71 3.57 13.94 0.00 3.28 0.05 0.00 0.09 75 65.1013.70 4.91 13.72 0.00 2.48 0.04 0.00 0.08 76 65.13 13.77 4.93 13.68 0.002.41 0.04 0.00 0.08 77 64.88 13.87 5.20 13.65 0.00 2.32 0.04 0.00 0.0878 64.91 13.88 5.15 13.61 0.00 2.32 0.05 0.00 0.08 79 64.88 13.90 5.2513.59 0.00 2.30 0.04 0.00 0.08 80 64.81 13.91 5.22 13.68 0.00 2.31 0.040.00 0.08 81 64.65 13.93 5.11 13.75 0.00 2.38 0.14 0.00 0.08 82 64.7413.98 4.48 14.21 0.00 2.45 0.08 0.00 0.08 83 64.74 14.04 3.90 14.61 0.002.54 0.08 0.00 0.08 84 64.66 14.02 3.78 14.80 0.00 2.56 0.09 0.00 0.0885 64.63 14.02 3.75 14.87 0.00 2.58 0.05 0.00 0.08 86 64.47 14.02 3.8414.56 0.00 2.98 0.05 0.00 0.08 87 64.73 14.03 3.67 13.89 0.00 3.55 0.050.00 0.07 88 64.68 14.02 3.75 13.68 0.00 3.74 0.05 0.00 0.08 89 64.6714.01 3.80 13.55 0.00 3.83 0.05 0.00 0.08 90 64.82 14.02 3.65 13.54 0.003.83 0.05 0.00 0.09 91 64.72 14.01 3.70 13.49 0.00 3.93 0.05 0.00 0.0892 64.71 13.99 3.78 13.73 0.00 3.67 0.05 0.00 0.07 93 64.87 13.97 3.7813.84 0.00 3.41 0.04 0.00 0.08 94 64.83 13.95 3.92 14.09 0.00 3.09 0.040.00 0.08 95 64.75 13.99 3.97 14.15 0.00 3.01 0.04 0.00 0.08 96 64.6613.98 4.09 14.15 0.00 2.99 0.04 0.00 0.08 97 64.81 13.99 3.96 14.14 0.002.97 0.04 0.00 0.08 98 65.02 13.81 4.10 13.99 0.00 2.97 0.04 0.00 0.0899 65.97 13.49 3.82 13.69 0.00 2.90 0.04 0.00 0.07 100 66.55 13.18 3.8613.48 0.00 2.81 0.04 0.00 0.07 101 66.87 13.08 3.83 13.31 0.00 2.79 0.040.00 0.07 102 67.04 13.07 3.72 13.26 0.00 2.79 0.04 0.00 0.07 103 66.9313.06 3.73 13.26 0.00 2.90 0.04 0.00 0.07 104 66.63 12.96 3.58 13.090.00 3.62 0.04 0.00 0.07 105 66.10 12.86 3.46 12.89 0.00 4.54 0.05 0.000.08 106 65.83 12.81 3.46 12.92 0.00 4.84 0.05 0.00 0.07 107 65.95 12.803.36 12.81 0.00 4.94 0.05 0.00 0.07 108 65.98 12.80 3.28 12.82 0.00 4.970.05 0.00 0.07 109 65.82 12.84 3.54 12.94 0.00 4.73 0.05 0.00 0.08 11064.57 13.21 4.72 13.43 0.00 3.97 0.05 0.00 0.08 111 64.27 13.61 5.5413.40 0.00 3.12 0.04 0.00 0.09 112 63.64 13.87 6.15 13.71 0.00 2.60 0.040.00 0.08 113 63.16 13.75 6.57 13.82 0.00 2.56 0.04 0.00 0.09 114 63.3713.84 6.43 13.79 0.00 2.54 0.04 0.00 0.09 115 63.80 13.76 6.19 13.670.01 2.54 0.04 0.00 0.09 116 65.44 13.63 5.22 13.11 0.01 2.52 0.04 0.000.07 117 67.21 13.41 4.31 12.46 0.01 2.49 0.04 0.00 0.07 118 68.71 13.273.42 12.02 0.00 2.46 0.04 0.00 0.06 119 68.73 13.23 3.44 12.01 0.00 2.460.04 0.00 0.06 120 68.72 13.29 3.35 12.07 0.00 2.45 0.04 0.00 0.06 12168.71 13.25 3.41 12.05 0.00 2.46 0.04 0.00 0.06 122 67.47 13.34 3.3612.45 0.01 3.25 0.04 0.00 0.06 123 65.82 13.42 3.45 12.99 0.01 4.20 0.050.00 0.06 124 64.79 13.49 3.46 13.35 0.01 4.78 0.05 0.00 0.07 125 64.6813.52 3.36 13.41 0.01 4.88 0.05 0.00 0.07 126 64.54 13.50 3.35 13.460.01 5.01 0.05 0.00 0.07 127 64.54 13.47 3.43 13.43 0.01 4.99 0.05 0.000.06 128 65.06 13.41 3.39 13.65 0.01 4.35 0.05 0.00 0.07 129 65.42 13.323.57 13.93 0.01 3.63 0.04 0.00 0.08 130 65.64 13.20 3.67 14.46 0.00 2.910.04 0.00 0.08 131 65.77 13.17 3.66 14.51 0.00 2.77 0.04 0.00 0.08 13265.77 13.17 3.65 14.54 0.00 2.74 0.04 0.00 0.08 133 65.82 13.18 3.6414.50 0.00 2.72 0.04 0.00 0.08 134 66.26 13.32 3.54 14.09 0.00 2.66 0.040.00 0.08 135 66.86 13.54 3.41 13.47 0.00 2.57 0.04 0.00 0.08 136 67.3813.74 3.42 12.82 0.00 2.50 0.04 0.00 0.07 137 67.53 13.77 3.43 12.680.00 2.47 0.04 0.00 0.07 138 67.55 13.79 3.42 12.64 0.00 2.47 0.04 0.000.07 139 67.62 13.79 3.37 12.64 0.00 2.45 0.04 0.00 0.07 140 67.62 13.683.10 12.83 0.01 2.64 0.03 0.00 0.07 141 67.17 13.42 3.38 13.02 0.01 2.890.03 0.00 0.07 142 66.99 13.24 3.43 13.13 0.00 3.08 0.04 0.00 0.07 14367.01 13.21 3.36 13.17 0.00 3.12 0.04 0.00 0.07 144 67.00 13.22 3.3113.18 0.00 3.16 0.04 0.00 0.07 145 66.97 13.26 3.36 13.19 0.00 3.10 0.040.00 0.07 146 66.22 13.62 3.70 13.59 0.00 2.74 0.04 0.00 0.08 147 64.7314.33 4.36 14.40 0.00 2.09 0.04 0.00 0.07 148 63.33 14.99 4.90 15.160.04 1.51 0.04 0.00 0.08 149 62.14 15.58 5.50 15.76 0.06 0.92 0.04 0.000.08 150 60.92 16.47 5.83 16.40 0.07 0.29 0.03 0.00 0.08 151 60.04 16.546.43 16.71 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.07 152 65.17 13.40 6.56 12.77 1.01 0.870.12 0.00 0.10 153 65.43 13.23 5.91 12.33 1.01 2.13 0.14 0.00 0.10 15465.31 13.09 5.70 12.10 1.01 2.55 0.14 0.00 0.10 155 66.65 13.03 5.6912.32 1.01 1.06 0.13 0.00 0.10 156 64.65 13.97 6.05 14.49 0.28 0.38 0.060.00 0.11 157 64.63 13.97 6.20 14.22 0.28 0.63 0.06 0.00 0.10 158 64.6713.98 6.05 13.71 0.28 1.14 0.06 0.00 0.10 159 64.70 13.99 6.11 13.450.28 1.39 0.06 0.00 0.10 160 64.65 13.98 6.09 13.36 0.28 1.47 0.06 0.000.10 161 64.64 13.98 6.19 13.32 0.28 1.52 0.07 0.00 0.10 162 64.70 13.956.04 13.31 0.28 1.55 0.07 0.00 0.10 163 65.20 14.00 5.58 13.28 0.28 1.560.07 0.00 0.10 164 66.04 14.00 4.73 13.23 0.28 1.55 0.07 0.00 0.10 16566.05 14.00 4.69 13.29 0.28 1.56 0.06 0.00 0.11 166 66.13 13.98 4.6013.28 0.28 1.56 0.06 0.00 0.10 167 66.16 13.93 4.70 13.24 0.28 1.56 0.060.00 0.10 168 65.84 13.71 4.83 13.43 0.21 1.82 0.06 0.00 0.10 169 65.8313.59 4.92 13.47 0.18 1.90 0.05 0.00 0.11 170 65.62 13.31 5.05 13.600.09 2.16 0.04 0.00 0.11 171 65.60 13.28 5.09 13.65 0.08 2.19 0.04 0.000.12 172 65.57 13.26 5.08 13.65 0.07 2.20 0.04 0.00 0.12 173 65.43 13.245.13 13.80 0.07 2.15 0.04 0.00 0.12 174 65.42 13.12 5.23 14.06 0.07 2.010.04 0.00 0.11 175 65.59 12.98 5.11 14.25 0.07 1.84 0.04 0.00 0.11 17665.69 12.86 5.20 14.39 0.07 1.69 0.04 0.00 0.11 177 65.84 12.84 5.0314.38 0.07 1.67 0.04 0.00 0.12 178 65.58 12.88 5.24 14.29 0.07 1.83 0.040.00 0.12 179 65.66 12.97 5.11 13.92 0.07 2.11 0.04 0.00 0.11 180 65.5613.10 5.16 13.51 0.07 2.51 0.04 0.00 0.11 181 65.52 13.15 5.15 13.220.07 2.73 0.04 0.00 0.11 182 65.50 13.20 5.15 13.14 0.07 2.84 0.05 0.000.11 183 65.53 13.22 5.12 13.01 0.07 2.89 0.05 0.00 0.11 184 65.32 13.285.17 13.09 0.07 2.90 0.05 0.00 0.11 185 65.14 13.52 5.25 13.22 0.07 2.700.04 0.00 0.11 186 64.91 13.89 5.11 13.54 0.07 2.37 0.04 0.00 0.10 18764.75 13.95 5.15 13.63 0.07 2.30 0.04 0.00 0.10 188 64.83 13.99 5.1513.61 0.07 2.26 0.04 0.00 0.10 189 64.72 14.17 5.36 12.95 0.01 2.66 0.040.00 0.09 190 63.56 14.98 5.44 13.31 0.01 2.57 0.04 0.00 0.09 191 64.2914.21 6.21 14.45 0.01 0.69 0.03 0.00 0.10 192 64.08 14.42 6.06 14.120.01 1.16 0.03 0.00 0.10 193 63.69 14.63 6.11 13.66 0.01 1.74 0.03 0.000.10 194 63.18 14.85 6.12 13.30 0.01 2.40 0.03 0.00 0.10 195 62.96 14.996.07 12.81 0.01 3.00 0.04 0.00 0.10 196 62.45 15.23 6.12 12.39 0.01 3.650.04 0.00 0.10 197 64.71 13.76 5.38 13.15 0.01 2.84 0.03 0.00 0.10 19864.69 13.89 5.11 12.45 0.01 3.64 0.09 0.00 0.10 199 64.28 15.09 4.2212.25 0.01 3.98 0.06 0.00 0.10 200 66.15 13.07 4.63 14.40 0.01 1.60 0.030.00 0.09 201 66.10 13.09 5.61 13.44 0.01 1.61 0.04 0.00 0.09 202 65.3014.01 4.68 14.27 0.01 1.60 0.04 0.00 0.09 203 66.24 13.08 4.68 13.310.01 2.53 0.04 0.00 0.09 204 66.37 13.03 4.64 13.24 0.01 1.62 0.98 0.000.09 205 67.21 13.02 4.68 13.31 0.01 1.59 0.07 0.00 0.09 206 65.48 14.025.54 13.22 0.01 1.59 0.05 0.00 0.09 207 66.18 14.02 4.69 14.35 0.01 0.610.04 0.00 0.09 208 66.25 14.04 5.66 13.33 0.01 0.59 0.03 0.00 0.09 20966.22 14.03 3.69 14.34 0.01 1.59 0.04 0.00 0.09 210 65.25 14.06 4.6713.27 0.01 2.60 0.04 0.00 0.09 211 65.25 14.07 4.66 13.35 0.01 1.58 0.990.00 0.09 212 66.22 14.14 4.58 13.32 0.01 1.58 0.04 0.00 0.09 213 66.2914.17 4.56 13.29 0.01 0.62 0.97 0.00 0.09 214 67.18 14.16 4.58 13.310.01 0.59 0.07 0.00 0.09 215 66.22 14.18 5.49 12.39 0.01 1.57 0.05 0.000.09 216 66.26 14.10 3.66 13.24 0.01 2.58 0.05 0.00 0.09 217 66.40 14.113.58 13.24 0.01 1.61 0.96 0.00 0.09 218 67.25 14.03 3.71 13.28 0.01 1.580.05 0.00 0.09 219 65.12 15.00 4.71 13.37 0.01 1.65 0.04 0.00 0.09 22066.19 14.01 4.71 12.35 0.01 2.60 0.04 0.00 0.09 221 66.24 14.00 4.7412.33 0.01 1.58 1.01 0.00 0.09 222 66.19 15.02 4.67 13.36 0.01 0.61 0.040.00 0.09 223 67.19 14.01 4.65 12.40 0.01 1.61 0.04 0.00 0.09 224 66.2215.01 3.71 13.32 0.01 1.59 0.04 0.00 0.09 225 66.08 15.01 4.68 12.480.01 1.60 0.05 0.00 0.09 226 66.11 14.05 4.23 13.25 0.02 2.21 0.03 0.000.09 227 66.22 13.71 4.63 13.27 0.02 2.01 0.03 0.00 0.09 228 66.15 13.494.71 13.01 0.02 2.50 0.03 0.00 0.09 229 66.97 13.58 4.58 13.09 0.02 1.640.03 0.00 0.09 230 66.40 13.63 4.52 13.31 0.02 1.98 0.03 0.00 0.09 23164.91 13.69 4.94 13.51 0.01 2.81 0.04 0.00 0.08 232 64.97 13.42 5.0014.04 0.01 2.42 0.04 0.00 0.08 233 65.08 13.47 5.12 13.96 0.01 1.85 0.410.00 0.08 234 65.38 13.32 4.84 13.87 0.01 2.44 0.04 0.00 0.08 235 65.3613.44 4.99 13.78 0.01 2.01 0.32 0.00 0.08

TABLE 2 Strain Anneal Soft Shear Young's SOC Temp. Temp. Temp. CTEDensity Poisson Modulus Modulus Nm/ Example ° C. ° C. ° C. 10⁷/° C.g/cm³ Ratio (Mpsi) (Mpsi) MPa/cm Index 1 547.00 599.00 857.00 76.40 2.390.22 3.98 9.71 2 549.00 601.00 861.00 76.60 2.39 0.22 4.03 9.84 3 551.00603.00 858.00 75.80 2.39 0.23 4.01 9.88 4 552.00 603.00 853.00 75.402.39 0.22 4.05 9.89 5 562.00 616.00 879.00 74.30 2.39 0.23 4.02 9.85 6569.00 624.00 895.00 71.20 2.38 0.22 4.01 9.80 7 550.00 603.00 77.002.39 0.22 3.99 9.75 8 553.00 606.00 76.70 2.39 0.22 4.02 9.82 9 554.00607.00 76.80 2.40 0.22 4.05 9.90 32.75 10 561.00 613.00 74.70 2.40 0.224.08 9.96 32.79 11 550.00 600.00 74.70 2.41 0.22 4.13 10.07 32.44 12564.00 615.00 851.00 97.20 2.44 0.24 3.95 9.79 33.19 13 556.00 604.00835.00 81.90 2.41 0.21 4.09 9.93 32.30 14 557.00 604.00 835.00 84.602.41 0.23 4.07 10.01 32.36 15 555.00 604.00 836.00 81.90 2.41 0.22 4.089.93 32.33 16 554.00 602.00 838.00 84.10 2.41 0.22 4.09 9.96 32.19 17554.00 602.00 836.00 81.10 2.41 0.22 4.09 9.99 32.12 18 567.00 617.00860.00 91.20 2.43 0.22 4.03 9.84 1.50 19 567.00 617.00 861.00 92.80 2.430.24 4.03 9.96 20 562.00 614.00 875.00 80.80 2.38 0.23 3.90 9.55 32.9421 553.00 601.00 840.00 79.40 2.39 0.22 3.96 9.68 32.88 22 572.00 625.00893.00 79.60 2.39 0.23 3.94 9.65 33.02 23 576.00 631.00 913.00 74.902.37 0.22 3.85 9.43 34.56 24 574.00 630.00 906.00 75.70 2.37 0.22 3.839.31 34.12 25 544.00 590.00 818.00 79.90 2.40 0.23 3.98 9.75 32.29 26555.00 606.00 861.00 79.50 2.40 0.22 3.90 9.50 33.12 27 550.00 598.00824.00 80.60 2.41 0.22 3.97 9.70 32.38 28 568.00 623.00 890.00 79.802.40 0.21 3.95 9.58 32.85 29 569.00 624.00 907.00 75.30 2.39 0.23 3.859.46 34.36 30 571.00 627.00 895.00 76.00 2.38 0.22 3.81 9.32 34.21 31539.00 585.00 806.00 79.10 2.43 0.22 4.01 9.80 32.96 32 579.00 633.00904.00 75.50 2.38 0.22 3.93 9.55 33 581.00 635.00 906.00 76.70 2.38 0.223.94 9.61 33.22 34 581.00 637.00 906.00 77.60 2.39 0.22 3.95 9.66 33.3335 584.00 639.00 913.00 76.60 2.38 0.23 3.92 9.65 33.74 36 586.00 641.00915.00 76.40 2.38 0.22 3.91 9.56 33.43 37 584.00 639.00 911.00 77.702.39 0.21 3.98 9.61 33.13 38 584.00 638.00 907.00 78.50 2.39 0.21 4.019.70 32.84 39 570.00 623.00 890.00 80.40 2.38 0.22 3.89 9.46 33.85 40572.00 626.00 889.00 79.40 2.39 0.21 3.96 9.58 33.34 41 577.00 632.00895.00 79.00 2.40 0.20 4.01 9.61 33.02 42 581.00 634.00 902.00 79.702.40 0.21 4.04 9.78 32.62 43 588.00 640.00 899.00 78.20 2.41 0.21 4.099.89 32.28 44 596.00 653.00 929.00 76.00 2.38 0.23 3.91 9.59 33.92 45598.00 654.00 926.00 76.80 2.39 0.22 3.98 9.66 33.59 46 598.00 652.00922.00 76.70 2.40 0.22 4.03 9.86 32.92 47 602.00 656.00 917.00 76.702.40 0.22 4.09 10.00 32.42 48 608.00 662.00 926.00 77.00 2.41 0.22 4.1410.08 32.24 49 617.00 674.00 948.00 67.10 2.38 0.21 4.06 9.86 33.31 50611.00 668.00 942.00 70.20 2.38 0.20 4.06 9.76 33.39 51 604.00 661.00939.00 71.20 2.38 0.21 4.04 9.80 33.41 52 597.00 654.00 927.00 73.202.38 0.20 4.04 9.70 33.28 53 585.00 639.00 909.00 75.90 2.39 0.22 4.039.80 33.24 54 587.00 642.00 911.00 75.00 2.39 0.22 4.01 9.76 33.28 55578.00 632.00 906.00 76.60 2.38 0.22 3.90 9.54 56 583.00 637.00 899.0074.70 2.39 0.23 3.96 9.75 57 591.00 643.00 905.00 72.20 2.39 0.24 4.049.98 58 600.00 651.00 907.00 71.00 2.40 0.23 4.12 10.10 59 612.00 664.00913.00 68.30 2.41 0.23 4.21 10.36 33.10 60 589.00 644.00 918.00 77.202.39 0.21 3.99 9.68 33.31 61 594.00 649.00 928.00 75.10 2.39 0.21 4.1210.01 33.31 62 597.00 653.00 928.00 72.30 2.39 0.22 4.03 9.84 33.25 63604.00 659.00 925.00 69.10 2.39 0.22 4.09 9.93 33.10 64 608.00 663.00932.00 66.70 2.39 0.22 4.13 10.03 32.97 65 610.00 664.00 929.00 74.902.41 0.23 4.14 10.17 32.00 66 617.00 670.00 932.00 74.00 2.41 0.21 4.2210.22 31.55 67 622.00 675.00 931.00 73.40 2.42 0.23 4.24 10.39 31.18 68618.00 674.00 952.00 70.60 2.39 0.21 4.14 10.02 32.50 69 610.00 665.00935.00 71.20 2.39 0.20 4.14 9.97 32.34 70 604.00 660.00 942.00 73.902.39 0.21 4.12 9.95 32.35 71 625.00 678.00 934.00 88.70 2.44 0.23 4.029.86 31.52 72 607.00 661.00 917.00 86.80 2.43 0.22 4.10 10.01 32.15 73580.08 631.38 31.00 1.50 74 576.82 629.34 889.00 76.90 2.40 0.21 4.1510.09 31.71 1.50 75 573.78 626.59 32.58 1.50 76 572.63 627.27 901.0075.30 2.39 0.20 4.04 9.74 32.71 1.50 77 572.78 626.22 32.76 1.50 78574.46 627.88 899.00 77.70 2.39 0.21 4.03 9.76 32.74 1.50 79 574.58627.75 32.80 1.50 80 572.77 627.01 32.71 1.50 81 572.77 625.03 894.0078.40 0.21 4.05 9.84 32.38 1.50 82 579.14 632.02 32.05 1.50 83 579.97633.54 898.00 83.90 2.41 0.21 4.11 9.98 31.66 1.50 84 578.65 630.7931.60 1.50 85 579.00 630.96 892.00 79.50 2.41 0.23 4.12 10.08 31.55 1.5086 582.01 634.39 31.73 1.50 87 590.44 643.85 907.00 77.00 2.41 0.22 4.1710.13 31.74 1.50 88 592.31 644.34 31.69 1.50 89 593.32 645.42 908.0076.40 2.41 0.22 4.17 10.20 31.62 1.50 90 594.07 646.84 31.54 1.50 91595.47 647.25 910.00 75.30 0.22 4.17 10.21 31.69 1.50 92 590.61 642.9631.80 1.50 93 587.43 641.27 905.00 76.70 0.22 4.14 10.07 31.83 1.50 94586.33 637.77 31.80 1.50 95 583.86 637.16 905.00 80.80 2.40 0.22 4.1210.06 31.86 1.50 96 584.97 636.80 31.93 1.50 97 584.51 637.50 903.0078.20 2.40 0.22 4.12 10.04 31.91 1.50 98 584.85 638.33 31.84 1.50 99586.03 638.95 906.00 76.60 2.40 0.22 4.11 10.01 32.17 1.50 100 586.73639.81 32.07 1.50 101 588.13 641.64 918.00 74.20 2.39 0.22 4.12 10.0632.06 1.50 102 587.27 642.07 32.24 1.50 103 587.96 642.38 918.00 75.002.39 0.21 4.13 10.04 31.99 1.50 104 589.93 643.39 31.92 1.50 105 594.53645.58 906.00 74.90 0.22 4.22 10.28 31.48 1.50 106 593.15 644.26 31.471.50 107 595.52 647.83 904.00 74.50 0.22 4.23 10.31 31.39 1.50 108596.61 647.80 31.33 1.50 109 592.71 644.07 898.00 72.50 2.41 0.22 4.1910.24 31.62 1.50 110 574.10 625.87 32.09 1.50 111 570.20 620.84 878.0074.60 2.39 0.22 4.05 9.87 32.66 1.50 112 561.15 612.90 33.05 1.50 113554.29 605.84 863.00 76.00 2.39 0.22 3.98 9.75 33.12 1.50 114 556.94608.90 33.14 1.50 115 560.75 613.25 875.00 76.80 2.39 0.22 3.99 9.7533.13 1.50 116 577.46 632.00 33.02 1.50 117 599.20 654.90 936.00 70.102.38 0.21 4.11 9.97 32.76 1.50 118 612.67 671.07 32.51 1.50 119 611.82669.75 961.00 69.40 0.21 4.15 10.08 32.53 1.50 120 612.46 669.34 32.441.50 121 612.34 669.02 960.00 67.80 0.21 4.15 10.06 32.43 1.50 122604.89 660.49 31.98 1.50 123 598.90 651.49 910.00 72.10 2.40 0.22 4.2010.22 31.44 1.50 124 592.71 645.16 31.34 1.50 125 594.81 645.48 900.0074.90 2.41 0.22 4.22 10.28 31.20 1.50 126 593.88 645.41 31.30 1.50 127594.88 645.00 898.00 74.80 2.41 0.22 4.21 10.30 31.31 1.50 128 589.78641.21 31.51 1.50 129 585.85 637.68 899.00 77.10 2.41 0.22 4.17 10.1531.62 1.50 130 576.15 628.11 31.55 1.50 131 573.87 626.53 884.00 78.802.41 0.22 4.12 10.03 31.60 1.50 132 573.74 625.75 31.63 1.50 133 573.86626.45 891.00 79.20 0.21 4.10 9.92 31.67 1.50 134 583.13 636.73 31.701.50 135 596.84 651.92 930.00 74.40 0.22 4.12 10.05 32.02 1.50 136610.10 666.35 32.29 1.50 137 609.97 667.32 961.40 72.00 2.39 0.21 4.1610.04 32.25 1.50 138 611.32 668.10 32.26 1.50 139 612.19 668.82 953.6072.60 2.39 0.22 4.13 10.09 32.37 1.50 140 606.25 662.25 32.26 1.50 141600.40 655.38 929.00 74.30 2.39 0.22 4.14 10.09 32.04 1.50 142 595.66650.87 31.97 1.50 143 596.11 649.79 921.00 73.80 2.40 0.21 4.14 10.0631.97 1.50 144 596.28 650.47 31.86 1.50 145 593.81 649.65 921.00 75.402.40 0.21 4.14 10.06 32.02 1.50 146 590.62 643.87 32.17 1.50 147 581.32634.79 908.00 79.50 0.21 4.07 9.88 32.37 1.50 148 571.71 625.90 32.401.50 149 567.79 620.85 885.00 84.80 0.22 3.97 9.70 32.85 1.50 150 573.74628.25 33.09 1.50 151 566.28 619.08 879.00 89.10 2.40 0.22 3.93 9.6133.12 1.50 152 549.70 603.30 878.40 2.38 33.38 153 557.10 610.80 32.81154 561.10 614.60 887.10 2.38 32.76 155 559.30 614.10 899.70 75.80 2.3833.13 156 555.50 606.70 2.38 0.21 3.99 9.62 32.85 1.50 157 558.40 611.5033.40 1.50 158 552.80 617.80 2.38 0.21 3.96 9.59 33.41 1.50 159 564.80618.70 33.51 1.50 160 565.80 620.30 894.10 75.60 2.38 0.21 3.98 9.6233.44 1.50 161 565.40 621.70 33.38 1.50 162 566.60 621.10 2.38 0.21 3.989.65 33.35 1.50 163 574.00 628.90 33.30 1.50 164 587.80 644.50 2.38 0.214.06 9.81 32.72 1.50 165 587.90 644.80 32.71 1.50 166 586.50 642.70932.10 75.20 2.39 0.22 4.05 9.85 32.74 1.50 167 586.60 643.30 32.83 1.50168 579.20 634.60 2.39 0.20 4.04 9.72 32.80 1.50 169 574.20 628.50 32.761.50 170 567.10 619.80 2.39 0.21 4.04 9.81 32.68 1.50 171 567.60 620.6032.63 1.50 172 565.70 618.50 75.50 2.39 0.22 4.04 9.85 32.75 1.50 173563.80 615.70 2.39 0.22 4.04 9.86 32.56 1.50 174 560.80 612.00 32.471.50 175 556.40 606.70 869.10 77.50 2.39 0.21 4.07 9.86 32.36 1.50 176556.40 606.30 32.20 1.50 177 558.40 608.90 855.10 2.40 0.21 4.10 9.9432.13 1.50 178 557.10 607.70 32.40 1.50 179 561.60 613.00 76.60 2.390.21 4.07 9.84 32.48 1.50 180 566.60 619.70 32.66 1.50 181 569.00 622.102.39 0.22 4.08 9.92 32.67 1.50 182 573.00 626.00 32.69 1.50 183 574.40628.20 2.39 0.21 4.09 9.91 32.72 1.50 184 572.70 626.10 2.39 0.21 4.069.82 32.87 1.50 185 574.60 628.90 32.67 1.50 186 576.90 630.10 32.751.50 187 575.50 628.60 900.00 2.39 0.22 4.05 9.85 32.78 1.50 188 577.10631.30 32.80 1.50 189 580.70 634.20 916.30 71.90 2.39 0.23 4.06 9.9532.73 1.50 190 587.40 641.50 919.50 73.00 2.40 0.22 4.08 9.99 32.66 1.50191 566.10 619.40 899.30 78.30 2.39 0.22 3.94 9.62 33.60 1.50 192 569.10623.40 909.10 76.30 2.39 0.22 3.96 9.65 33.48 1.50 193 576.70 632.10909.20 74.20 2.39 0.22 4.00 9.74 33.25 1.50 194 582.40 635.50 907.0071.60 2.40 0.25 4.02 10.06 33.08 1.50 195 586.20 639.40 906.00 68.802.40 0.23 4.08 10.05 32.62 1.50 196 590.30 643.30 904.40 67.50 2.40 0.224.14 10.10 32.51 1.50 197 582.30 634.70 907.90 74.30 2.40 0.22 4.09 9.9632.66 1.50 198 586.80 639.60 907.10 69.40 2.40 0.22 4.14 10.11 32.401.50 199 613.20 667.20 931.80 66.10 2.41 0.22 4.27 10.42 31.65 1.50 200559.70 610.40 869.40 76.90 2.40 0.22 4.09 9.95 32.06 1.50 201 566.10619.40 884.90 73.00 2.39 0.21 4.00 9.68 33.11 1.50 202 571.40 625.10899.10 78.00 2.40 0.21 4.05 9.81 32.37 1.50 203 571.60 624.80 895.8075.50 2.40 0.22 4.09 9.96 32.42 1.50 204 563.10 615.00 881.30 76.20 2.400.22 4.13 10.03 32.06 1.50 205 575.10 630.50 907.80 2.39 0.20 4.06 9.7332.80 1.50 206 576.90 632.60 909.80 2.39 0.22 3.98 9.73 33.32 1.50 207575.20 631.90 921.50 2.39 0.21 4.01 9.71 32.89 1.50 208 583.80 641.90933.30 73.20 2.38 0.22 3.92 9.60 33.87 1.49 209 587.80 644.10 926.2077.80 2.40 0.20 4.11 9.87 32.09 1.50 210 583.20 637.90 908.80 72.80 2.400.21 4.08 9.87 32.46 1.50 211 578.50 631.10 901.50 2.41 32.20 1.50 212591.10 648.60 2.39 32.95 1.50 213 589.30 646.10 2.40 32.64 1.50 214603.90 663.10 2.38 33.31 1.50 215 591.30 649.00 2.38 33.59 1.50 216599.90 656.10 2.40 32.00 1.50 217 595.80 650.30 2.41 31.81 1.50 218607.10 663.90 954.60 0.22 4.08 9.96 32.54 1.50 219 602.50 658.70 943.600.22 4.07 9.93 32.81 1.50 220 595.50 652.10 930.90 0.22 0.41 10.02 32.721.50 221 593.90 648.90 927.00 0.22 4.11 10.00 32.56 1.50 222 608.10667.60 962.80 0.22 4.02 9.78 33.18 1.50 223 600.70 659.20 954.00 0.214.06 9.86 33.19 1.50 224 615.70 673.30 32.13 1.50 225 609.80 666.40951.30 0.21 4.11 9.97 32.82 1.50 226 595.00 650.50 938.30 74.40 2.400.21 4.12 10.00 32.55 1.50 227 586.80 643.10 930.30 75.10 2.39 0.21 4.089.92 32.56 1.50 228 587.10 641.50 925.20 72.70 2.39 0.21 4.10 9.95 32.731.50 229 591.20 647.70 944.30 72.60 2.39 0.21 4.08 9.83 32.84 1.50 230590.40 647.70 951.00 74.10 2.38 0.21 4.05 9.81 33.11 1.50 231 576.00630.00 898.60 73.90 2.40 0.22 4.07 9.89 32.49 1.50 232 569.00 621.00883.80 76.20 2.40 0.22 4.06 9.91 32.39 1.50 233 564.00 616.00 883.5076.20 2.40 0.21 4.07 9.90 32.28 1.50 234 577.00 630.00 898.00 75.70 2.400.22 4.09 9.96 32.32 1.50 235 572.00 624.00 898.70 75.50 2.40 0.21 4.089.91 32.34 1.50

TABLE 3 CS DOL Indentation Example (MPa) (microns) Threshold (kgf) 149.4 37.5 2 48.0 37.5 3 49.3 37.5 4 46.9 37.5 5 49.0 37.5 6 47.6 37.5 753.0 37.5 8 52.5 37.5 9 730.4 49.6 37.5 10 710.6 51.0 37.5 11 735.7 44.037.5 12 977.8 49.2 12.5 13 760.8 47.0 22.5 14 761.6 46.9 32.5 15 771.844.9 27.5 16 778.6 42.7 27.5 17 792.0 42.6 32.5 18 12.5 19 12.5 20 773.949.7 42.5 21 734.0 45.3 35 22 799.5 53.6 40 23 728.9 51.1 35 24 757.352.7 42.5 25 711.6 38.0 35 26 758.3 50.1 32.5 27 721.0 45.3 30 28 782.054.7 32.5 29 725.5 53.1 32.5 30 752.3 53.3 27.5 31 699.0 39.2 17.5 3259.0 17.5 33 767.1 61.1 32.5 34 766.0 61.3 37.5 35 764.0 60.8 40 36764.7 62.0 32.5 37 778.9 62.0 40 38 784.0 62.4 27.5 39 718.8 56.7 32.540 734.0 54.0 37.5 41 762.2 52.6 42.5 42 776.8 51.6 35 43 794.9 50.4 3544 773.2 54.7 32.5 45 795.8 52.5 37.5 46 829.9 47.9 47.5 47 854.5 48.442.5 48 868.2 46.7 40 49 754.8 46.1 37.5 50 762.4 48.3 42.5 51 762.750.7 42.5 52 772.0 51.6 35 53 764.5 51.3 40 54 766.8 51.6 40 55 52.647.5 56 52.9 42.5 57 42.1 32.5 58 38.0 32.5 59 34.2 27.5 60 789.7 56.850 61 788.9 54.5 42.5 62 779.9 49.9 32.5 63 763.9 44.6 32.5 64 740.540.0 35 65 877.8 47.2 22.5 66 894.7 44.9 22.5 67 911.3 43.6 17.5 68808.2 47.6 22.5 69 815.3 49.4 22.5 70 811.2 50.4 22.5 71 1097.4 59.3 1572 1030.8 56.6 >25 73 851.5 44.5 12.5 74 846.2 43.2 17.5 75 826.1 44.327.5 76 823.1 44.8 32.5 77 827.4 44.5 30 78 846.9 44.6 27.5 79 837.143.2 42.5 80 833.1 44.0 37.5 81 839.9 43.2 22.5 82 870.4 45.8 17.5 83895.2 46.4 17.5 84 894.0 46.7 17.5 85 892.9 46.7 12.5 86 887.9 45.2 12.587 886.9 42.9 12.5 88 884.3 42.5 22.5 89 886.8 40.8 22.5 90 868.0 41.822.5 91 877.3 40.8 12.5 92 864.6 42.3 22.5 93 871.9 43.4 22.5 94 875.044.6 17.5 95 868.3 45.1 12.5 96 867.5 44.9 17.5 97 867.0 44.8 12.5 98860.8 45.2 22.5 99 837.8 45.5 17.5 100 823.4 46.4 20 101 820.1 46.7 22.5102 812.5 47.3 22.5 103 844.0 45.0 17.5 104 835.2 41.7 17.5 105 846.642.9 22.5 106 846.9 38.4 17.5 107 850.3 37.8 17.5 108 857.6 38.2 12.5109 845.8 38.5 17.5 110 817.2 37.6 22.5 111 793.0 39.3 30 112 778.9 39.627.5 113 767.8 38.0 27.5 114 770.6 39.3 17.5 115 766.0 39.9 27.5 116795.9 42.0 27.5 117 798.8 45.1 27.5 118 791.5 46.5 32.5 119 794.2 46.132.5 120 798.7 46.3 27.5 121 801.4 46.2 32.5 122 838.2 43.1 25 123 870.840.0 22.5 124 886.9 37.2 12.5 125 896.6 37.7 12.5 126 892.6 36.9 12.5127 891.2 37.2 17.5 128 888.5 39.3 12.5 129 880.8 42.1 17.5 130 855.844.7 12.5 131 849.4 45.2 12.5 132 860.3 44.7 12.5 133 851.2 45.1 17.5134 864.4 47.0 12.5 135 873.9 48.0 17.5 136 840.3 48.3 22.5 137 842.247.3 32.5 138 839.3 47.0 37.5 139 836.8 47.3 32.5 140 843.5 46.8 27.5141 853.2 47.1 27.5 142 855.9 46.1 27.5 143 865.4 44.9 22.5 144 868.645.1 27.5 145 866.0 45.9 27.5 146 873.0 46.3 32.5 147 891.7 46.8 27.5148 894.5 48.5 37.5 149 869.8 51.7 37.5 150 903.8 55.3 42.5 151 853.854.5 37.5 152 712.8 51.3 37.5 153 739.3 48.9 32.5 154 711.8 47.7 32.5155 741.1 52.7 37.5 156 32.5 157 22.5 158 22.5 159 32.5 160 32.5 16127.5 162 32.5 163 37.5 164 42.5 165 37.5 166 37.5 167 42.5 168 32.5 16937.5 170 32.5 171 27.5 172 37.5 173 27.5 174 32.5 175 22.5 176 12.5 17722.5 178 17.5 179 27.5 180 22.5 181 45 182 42.5 183 47.5 184 42.5 18537.5 186 42.5 187 37.5 188 37.5

Table 4 compares physical properties of the glasses described herein,labeled Glass 2 and having the composition 64.65 mol % SiO₂, 13.93 mol %Al₂O₃, 5.11 mol % B₂O₃, 13.75 mol % Na₂O, 0 mol % K₂O, 2.38 mol % MgO,0.14 mol % CaO, and 0.08 mol % SnO₂, with those properties of Glass 1,which has the composition having the composition 68.84 mol % SiO₂, 10.63mol % Al₂O₃, O mol % B₂O₃, 14.86 mol % Na₂O, 0.02 mol % K₂O, 5.43 mol %MgO, 0.04 mol % CaO, and 0.17 mol % SnO₂, and is described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/533,298, by Matthew J. Dejneka et al.,entitled “Ion Exchangeable Glass With High Compressive Stress,” whichclaims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/503,734,filed on Jul. 1, 2011 and having the same title; and Glass 2, which hasthe composition 67.45 mol % SiO₂, 12.69 mol % Al₂O₃, 3.67 mol % B₂O₃,13.67 mol % Na₂O, 0.02 mol % K₂O, 2.36 mol % MgO, 0.03 mol % CaO, and0.09 mol % SnO₂, and is described in U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/653,489, filed on May 31, 2012, by Matthew J. Dejneka et al.,entitled “Zircon Compatible, Ion Exchangeable Glass With High DamageResistance,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/748,981,filed on Jan. 4, 2013, by Matthew J. Dejneka et al., and having the sametitle.

TABLE 4 Glass 1 2 3 Anneal Point (° C.) 650 629 644 Strain Point (° C.)601 576 589 Softening Point (° C.) 891.7 900 922.4 Density (g/cm³) 2.4322.39 2.403 Poisson's Ratio 0.205 0.216 0.213 Shear Modulus (Mpsi) 4.2874.051 4.142 Young's Modulus (Mpsi) 10.336 9.851 10.046 LiquidusTemperature (° C.) 1020 1000 1005 Liquidus Viscosity (kPoise) 1000 18502210 Primary Devit Phase Forsterite Nepheline Forsterite ZirconBreakdown 1200 1183 1230 Temperature (° C.) Zircon Breakdown 30.4 71.433.4 Viscosity (kPoise) 200 Poise Temperature (° C.) 1665 1679 1757 35kPoise Temperature (° C.): 1190 1226 1227 Refractive Index 1.500301.49844 1.49836 SOC (nm/MPa/cm) 29.64 32.78 31.94

The glasses described herein are resistant to both chipping andscratching, making it well suited for use in cover plates, touchscreens, watch crystals, solar concentrators, windows, screens,containers, and other applications that require strong and tough glasswith good scratch resistance.

While typical embodiments have been set forth for the purpose ofillustration, the foregoing description should not be deemed to be alimitation on the scope of the disclosure or appended claims.Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives mayoccur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit andscope of the present disclosure or appended claims.

1. A glass comprising: a. at least about 50 mol % SiO₂; b. at leastabout 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprises Na₂O; c. Al₂O₃, wherein −0.5mol %≦Al₂O₃ (mol %)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and d. B₂O₃, wherein B₂O₃ (mol%)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %))≧4.5 mol %, and wherein the glass is ionexchangeable.
 2. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises: atleast about 50 mol % SiO₂, from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al₂O₃;from about 4.5 mol % to about 10 mol % B₂O₃; from about 10 mol % toabout 20 mol % Na₂O; from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % K₂O; at least about0.1 mol % MgO, ZnO, or combinations thereof, wherein 0 mol %≦MgO≦6 and0≦ZnO≦6 mol %; and, optionally, at least one of CaO, BaO, and SrO,wherein 0 mol %≦CaO+SrO+BaO≦2 mol %.
 3. The glass of claim 2, whereinthe glass comprises from about 60 to 66 mol % SiO₂.
 4. The glass ofclaim 1, wherein the glass comprises at least about 0.1 mol % of atleast one of MgO and ZnO.
 5. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glasscomprises greater than 4.5 mol % B₂O₃ in which boron cations arethree-fold coordinated.
 6. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass ision exchanged and has a layer under a compressive stress of at leastabout 600 MPa, the layer extending from a surface of the glass into theglass to a depth of layer of at least about 30 μm.
 7. The glass of claim6, wherein the compressive stress is at least about 800 MPa.
 8. Theglass of claim 6, wherein the glass has a Vickers crack initiationthreshold of at least about 30 kgf.
 9. A glass comprising: at leastabout 50 mol % SiO₂; at least about 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprisesNa₂O; Al₂O₃; and B₂O₃, wherein B₂O₃ (mol %)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol%))≧4.5 mol %, and wherein the glass has a zircon breakdown temperatureat which the viscosity of the glass is greater than about 40 kPoise. 10.The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass comprises: at least about 50 mol% SiO₂, from about 12 mol % to about 22 mol % Al₂O₃; from about 4.5 mol% to about 10 mol % B₂O₃; from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol % Na₂O;from 0 mol % to about 5 mol % K₂O; at least about 0.1 mol % MgO, ZnO, orcombinations thereof, wherein 0 mol %≦MgO≦6 and 0≦ZnO≦6 mol %; and,optionally, at least one of CaO, BaO, and SrO, wherein 0 mol%≦CaO+SrO+BaO<2 mol %.
 11. The glass of claim 10, wherein the glasscomprises from about 60 to about 66 mol % SiO₂.
 12. The glass of claim9, wherein the glass comprises at least about 0.1 mol % of at least oneof MgO and ZnO.
 13. The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass comprisesgreater than about 4.5 mol % B₂O₃ in which boron cations are three-foldcoordinated.
 14. The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass is ionexchanged and has a layer under a compressive stress of at least about600 MPa, the layer extending from a surface of the glass into the glassto a depth of layer of at least about 30 μm.
 15. The glass of claim 14,wherein the compressive stress is at least about 800 MPa.
 16. The glassof claim 14, wherein the glass has a Vickers crack initiation thresholdof at least about 30 kgf.
 17. A glass, wherein the glass is ionexchanged and has a Vickers crack initiation threshold of at least about30 kgf, the glass comprising: a. at least about 50 mol % SiO₂; b. atleast about 10 mol % R₂O, wherein R₂O comprises Na₂O; c. Al₂O₃, wherein−0.5 mol %≦Al₂O₃ (mol %)−R₂O(mol %)≦2 mol %; and d. B₂O₃, wherein B₂O₃(mol %)−(R₂O(mol %)−Al₂O₃ (mol %))≧4.5 mol %.
 18. The glass of claim 17,wherein the glass comprises: at least about 50 mol % SiO₂, from about 12mol % to about 22 mol % Al₂O₃; from about 4.5 mol % to about 10 mol %B₂O₃; from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol % Na₂O; from 0 mol % to about5 mol % K₂O; at least about 0.1 mol % MgO, ZnO, or combinations thereof,wherein 0 mol %≦MgO≦6 and 0≦ZnO≦6 mol %; and, optionally, at least oneof CaO, BaO, and SrO, wherein 0 mol %≦CaO+SrO+BaO≦2 mol %.
 19. The glassof claim 18, wherein the glass comprises from about 66 to about 66 mol %SiO₂.
 20. The glass of claim 17, wherein the glass comprises at leastabout 0.1 mol % of at least one of MgO and ZnO.
 21. The glass of claim17, wherein the glass comprises greater than about 4.5 mol % B₂O₃ inwhich boron cations are three-fold coordinated.
 22. The glass of claim17, wherein the glass has a layer under a compressive stress of at leastabout 600 MPa, the layer extending from a surface of the glass into theglass to a depth of layer of at least about 30 μm.
 23. The glass ofclaim 22, wherein the compressive stress is at least about 800 MPa. 24.The glass of claim 17, wherein the Vickers crack initiation threshold isin a range from about 30 kgf to about 35 kgf.